Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa internasional yang sering digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari, baik itu dalam dunia pendidikan maupun profesional. Salah satu elemen penting dalam bahasa Inggris adalah penggunaan direct dan indirect speech.
Direct dan indirect speech tidak hanya membantu dalam menyampaikan pesan tetapi juga memungkinkan kita untuk melaporkan perkataan orang lain dengan akurat. Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas pengertian, struktur, contoh kalimat, dan soal terkait direct dan indirect speech secara komprehensif.
Pengertian Direct Speech
Direct speech (kalimat langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan perkataan yang dikatakan oleh seseorang secara langsung tanpa adanya perubahan. Kalimat ini ditandai dengan penggunaan tanda kutip di sekitar perkataan yang diucapkan. Dalam direct speech, kita mereproduksi kata-kata seseorang secara tepat dan apa adanya.
Contoh:
- She says, “I am a clever student.”
- Dia berkata, “Saya seorang murid yang pandai.”
Dalam kalimat direct speech, terdapat dua komponen utama:
- Reporting Verb: Bagian yang melaporkan, seperti “says” atau “said”.
- Reported Words: Kata-kata yang dilaporkan, yang diletakkan di dalam tanda kutip.
Contoh lebih lanjut:
- He said, “It is time to go away.”
- “It is time to go away,” he said.
Perhatikan bahwa tanda koma digunakan untuk memisahkan reporting verb dari reported words, dan tanda kutip digunakan untuk menunjukkan perkataan yang dilaporkan.
Pengertian Indirect Speech
Indirect speech (kalimat tak langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan perkataan seseorang dengan menceritakan kembali apa yang dikatakan tanpa mengutip kata-katanya secara langsung. Indirect speech sering kali memerlukan perubahan tense, kata ganti orang, dan keterangan waktu atau tempat.
Contoh:
- Direct: She says, “I am a clever student.”
- Indirect: She says that she is a clever student.
- Direct: He said, “I will leave tomorrow.”
- Indirect: He said that he would leave the next day.
Dalam indirect speech, kita biasanya menghilangkan tanda kutip dan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti “that”.
Struktur Indirect Speech
Dalam indirect speech, beberapa hal penting yang perlu diperhatikan adalah:
- Penggunaan Kata Hubung (Conjunction): Kata “that” sering digunakan untuk menghubungkan kalimat reporting dengan reported words.
- Perubahan Tenses: Tenses dalam kalimat indirect speech biasanya mundur ke masa lalu (backshifting), kecuali jika reporting verb menggunakan tensis present.
- Perubahan Kata Ganti Orang: Kata ganti orang pertama dan kedua dalam direct speech biasanya berubah menjadi kata ganti orang ketiga dalam indirect speech, menyesuaikan dengan subjek dan konteks kalimat.
Perbedaan Antara Direct dan Indirect Speech
Perbedaan utama antara direct dan indirect speech dapat diringkas sebagai berikut:
- Tanda Kutip: Direct speech menggunakan tanda kutip untuk menunjukkan perkataan langsung, sedangkan indirect speech tidak.
- Perubahan Kata Ganti: Kata ganti dalam indirect speech secara umum berubah menjadi orang ketiga.
- Perubahan Tenses: Dalam indirect speech, tenses biasanya mundur satu langkah ke belakang.
- Perubahan Adverbia Waktu dan Tempat: Keterangan waktu dan tempat seringkali berubah dalam indirect speech.
Contoh:
- Direct: He said, “I am happy today.”
- Indirect: He said that he was happy that day.
Aturan dan Rumus Perubahan Tenses dari Direct ke Indirect Speech
Berikut adalah aturan umum perubahan tenses dari direct ke indirect speech:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Present Simple Tense ( do/does + V1 ) | Past Simple Tense ( did + V1 (V2) ) |
| Present Progressive Tense ( is/am/are + V4 ) | Past Progressive Tense ( was/were + V4 ) |
| Present Perfect Tense ( has/have + V3 ) | Past Perfect Tense ( had + V3 ) |
| Present Perfect Progressive ( has been/have been + V4 ) | Past Perfect Progressive ( had been + V4 ) |
| Past Simple Tense ( did + V1 (V2) ) | Past Perfect Tense ( had + V3 ) |
| Past Perfect Tense ( had/have + V3 ) | Past Perfect Tense ( had + V3 ) |
| Past Perfect Progressive ( had been/have been + V4 ) | Past Perfect Progressive ( had been + V4 ) |
| Future Simple Tense ( will + V1 ) | ( would + V1 ) |
| Future Progressive Tense ( will be + V4 ) | ( would be + V4 ) |
| Future Perfect Tense ( will have + V3 ) | ( would have + V3 ) |
| Future Perfect Progressive ( will have been + V4 ) | ( would have been + V4 ) |
Di mana: V1 – Base verb, V2 – Simple past, V3 – Past participle, V4 – Progressive verb (verbs ending with ‘ing’).
Contoh Perubahan Tenses dari Direct ke Indirect Speech
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Ram said, “I do my work.” | Ram said that he did his work. |
| They said, “We are going now.” | They said that they were going then. |
| Sara said, ” I have done my work.” | Sara said that she had done her work. |
| Rohit said, “I have been doing my work.” | Rohit said that he had been doing his work. |
| Ram said, “I did my work” | Ram said that he had done his work. |
| They said,”We have done our work” | They said that they had done their work. |
| They said, “We have been doing our work.” | They said that they had been doing their work. |
| Ram Said, ” I had been doing my work.” | Ram said that he had been doing his work. |
| Sara said, “I will do my work.” | Sara said that she would do her work. |
| They said, “We will be going out.” | They said that they would be going out. |
| They said, “We will have done this work.” | They said that they would have done that work. |
| Ram said, “I will have been doing this work” | Ram said that he would have been doing that work. |
Bentuk-Bentuk Kalimat Indirect Speech
A. Pernyataan (Statements):
Kalimat pernyataan dalam indirect speech biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung “that”.
Contoh:
- Direct: Ana says to Nana, “I am late.”
- Indirect: Ana says to Nana that she is late.
B. Pertanyaan (Questions):
Pertanyaan dalam indirect speech dibagi menjadi dua: pertanyaan dengan kata tanya (WH-questions) dan pertanyaan ya/tidak (yes/no questions).
- Wh-Questions: Kata tanya tetap dipertahankan dalam indirect speech, tetapi susunan kalimat berubah menjadi susunan pernyataan.
Contoh:- Direct: Ronal said to Aning, “What are you doing?”
- Indirect: Ronal asked Aning what she was doing.
- Yes/No Questions: Menggunakan kata “if” atau “whether” untuk menghubungkan kalimat.
Contoh:- Direct: Rani asked me, “Can you help me?”
- Indirect: Rani asked me if I could help her.
C. Perintah/Permintaan (Imperatives/Requests):
Untuk mengubah perintah atau permintaan ke dalam indirect speech, kita menggunakan kata kerja sesuai konteks seperti “asked,” “ordered,” “requested,” dan bentuk infinitive (to + verb).
Contoh:
- Direct: She said to her servant, “Go away at once.”
- Indirect: She ordered her servant to go away at once.
Perubahan Tenses dan Keterangan Waktu
Dalam indirect speech, tenses sering mundur satu langkah dari tense dalam direct speech. Selain itu, keterangan waktu dan tempat sering mengalami perubahan.
Perubahan Keterangan Waktu:
- now → then
- today → that day
- yesterday → the day before
- tomorrow → the next day
- this → that
- these → those
Contoh:
- Direct: She said, “I will go tomorrow.”
- Indirect: She said that she would go the next day.
Contoh-Contoh Lengkap
Contoh Direct Speech:
- She said, “I am visiting my aunt today.”
- He asked, “Where are you going?”
- “Close the door!” she said.
Contoh Indirect Speech:
- She said that she was visiting her aunt that day.
- He asked where I was going.
- She told me to close the door.
Latihan Soal dan Pembahasan
Berikut adalah beberapa latihan soal untuk menguji pemahaman Anda tentang direct dan indirect speech:
Soal 1:
Which of the following sentences is correctly punctuated?
a. The headmaster warned the students, ‘pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month’.
b. The headmaster warned the students: pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month.
c. The headmaster warned the students, ‘pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month!’
d. The headmaster warned the students, pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month.
e. The headmaster warned the students, pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month!
Pembahasan:
Penulisan tanda baca pada direct speech yang benar adalah diapit tanda petik (‘ … ‘) atau kutip (” … “) dan huruf pertama dari kalimat langsung harus dalam kapital (huruf besar), tanda seru di akhir kalimat direct speech menunjukkan jenis kalimat perintah (command).
Jawaban yang benar adalah c: The headmaster warned the students, ‘pay your school fee not later than the tenth every month!’
Soal 2:
The secretary asked me … with Mr. Slamet.
a. did I have an appointment
b. how was my appointment
c. whether I had an appointment
d. when is my appointment
e. that I had an appointment
Pembahasan:
Indirect speech yang berasal dari interrogative (pernyataan) dan tidak, susunannya selalu affirmative (pernyataan) dan tidak menggunakan kata kerja bantu sebelum subjeknya, maka A, B, dan D salah. Interrogative indirect speech selalu menggunakan kata tanya kunci jawaban dan pembahasan atau if atau whether sebagai kata hubung dan ini hanya dipenuhi oleh (C) whether I had an appointment.
Jawaban yang benar adalah c: whether I had an appointment.
Soal 3:
… is not yet known.
a. Can he be involved in the trade of narcotics
b. He is involved in the trade of narcotics
c. Whether he is involved in the trade of narcotics
d. When he is involved in the trade of narcotics
e. Why is he involved in the trade of narcotics
Pembahasan:
Ini adalah soal tentang reported speech. … is not yet known = … belum diketahui. Yang paling sesuai dengan kalimat di soal adalah whether = whether he is involved … is not yet known (Apakah dia terlibat … belum diketahui).
Jawaban yang benar adalah c: Whether he is involved in the trade of narcotics.
Soal 4:
He said, “Don’t speak until you are spoken to.”
The indirect speech of the statement above is …
a. He didn’t tell me to speak until I am spoken to
b. He told me not to speak until I am spoken to
c. He told me not to speak until I was spoken to
d. He told me not to speak until I was spoken to
e. He didn’t tell me to speak until I was spoken to
Pembahasan:
Untuk kalimat tidak langsung dari suatu larangan, dapat dilakukan hanya dengan menambahkan NOT TO di depan kalimat, dan apabila kalimat langsungnya berupa present tense, maka kalimat tidak langsungnya menjadi past tense.
Jawaban yang benar adalah c: He told me not to speak until I was spoken to.
Soal 5:
Mr. Johnson asked Mary, “When can you finish the letter?”
Mr. Johnson asked Mary …
a. When can you finish the letter
b. When can she finish the letter
c. When you can finish the letter
d. When she could finish the letter
e. If she could finish the letter
Pembahasan:
Apabila kalimat langsung menggunakan kata tanya WH Question+How, maka kalimat tidak langsungnya tetap menggunakan kata tanya yang sama, hanya tenses-nya yang berubah. Present tense menjadi past tense dan susunan kalimat pertanyaan pada kalimat langsung berubah jadi pernyataan pada kalimat tidak langsung.
Jawaban yang benar adalah d: When she could finish the letter.
Kesimpulan
Dalam artikel ini, kita telah membahas secara mendetail mengenai konsep dasar, struktur, perbedaan, dan contoh-contoh penggunaan direct dan indirect speech.
Direct speech memungkinkan kita menyampaikan kata-kata seseorang secara langsung dengan menggunakan tanda kutip, sementara indirect speech memungkinkan kita melaporkan perkataan seseorang dengan lebih fleksibel dan dalam konteks yang berbeda.
Pemahaman yang baik tentang kedua konsep ini sangat penting untuk memperkaya keterampilan komunikasi dan penulisan kita dalam bahasa Inggris.
Referensi
- Gramedia.com. Materi Direct & Indirect Speech: Pengertian, Jenis, Contoh Kalimat dan Soal
- Careerpower.in. Direct and Indirect speech, Rules, Chart and Exercises
- ef.co.id. Mengenal direct dan indirect speech
